What is progesterone hormone, and why is it important for pregnant mothers?

Progesterone, commonly known as the female hormone, is closely linked to menstruation and pregnancy. However, many people may not fully understand its exact role and significance. So, what are its functions, why is it important, and what should be done if progesterone levels are too low or too high?

Understanding Progesterone: What Is It?

Progesterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy. It helps thicken the uterine lining, creating a suitable environment for embryo implantation. This hormone is primarily produced by the ovaries and is released after ovulation.

In addition to its role in pregnancy, progesterone also regulates various fundamental bodily functions, including mood, appetite, and body temperature.

Progesterone is also linked to menstruation, sexual desire, and the stimulation of mammary glands for milk production. An imbalance in progesterone levels, particularly low progesterone during pregnancy, can increase the risk of miscarriage.

Progesterone is a female hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating ovulation and the menstrual cycle. It also helps control essential bodily functions such as heart rate, body temperature, hunger, sleep, emotions, sexual desire, and the production of various hormones. Additionally, progesterone is closely linked to menstruation and pregnancy.

The functions of progesterone hormone are as follows:

• Progesterone stimulates increased blood flow to the uterine lining, making it thicker and stable for embryo implantation. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels decrease, causing the uterine lining to shed as menstruation.

• During pregnancy, progesterone prevents uterine contractions. However, as childbirth approaches, progesterone levels drop, allowing the uterus to contract and facilitate labor.

• Progesterone helps the body adjust to pregnancy, such as increasing the mother's breathing rate to supply more oxygen and enhancing the flexibility of joints and ligaments to accommodate the growing fetus.

• It plays a key role in working with insulin by increasing glycogen storage.

• Progesterone works alongside estrogen to support breast growth and milk production. While estrogen stimulates the formation of milk ducts, progesterone promotes the development of milk-producing glands.

During pregnancy, progesterone levels rise significantly above normal levels. These hormonal changes help loosen ligaments and joints while also altering the body's structure to accommodate the growing fetus and prepare for childbirth. The effects of progesterone on the mother's body include:

• Expanding the uterus and changing the mother's body shape

• Stimulating the uterine lining to be ready for embryo implantation

• Thickening cervical mucus to prevent additional sperm from fertilizing the egg

• Raising body temperature to create a suitable environment for pregnancy

• Enhancing insulin function

• Working with estrogen to stimulate milk duct development

• Preventing uterine contractions during pregnancy to support fetal development

High Progesterone Levels

If progesterone levels are too high, it can cause the following effects:

• Breast tenderness

• Changes in breast size, leading to enlargement

• Mood swings, increased irritability, and a tendency to get angry easily

• In some cases, it may contribute to depression

• Difficulty sleeping or insomnia

• Some individuals may experience bloating

Low Progesterone Levels May Pose Risks to Pregnancy

Low Progesterone Levels Before Pregnancy

If progesterone levels are low before conception, it may prevent pregnancy. Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterine lining for embryo implantation. Additionally, it supports insulin function by increasing glycogen storage and prevents uterine contractions during pregnancy.

Low Progesterone Levels During Pregnancy

If progesterone levels are low during pregnancy, it can be highly dangerous and may lead to pregnancy loss, commonly referred to as a miscarriage. However, if a doctor detects low progesterone levels, they may prescribe progesterone supplements in the form of oral medication, suppositories, or injections to help sustain the pregnancy and reduce the risk of miscarriage.

Hormonal Imbalance and Infertility

An imbalance in hormone levels is a major factor contributing to infertility.

Read more: What is Infertility? Causes and Treatment Explained by a Specialist.

The general levels of progesterone hormone vary depending on the ovulation phase, measured in ng/ml:

• From the first day of menstruation until the day before ovulation: 0.2-1.5 ng/ml

• On the day of ovulation: 0.8-3.0 ng/ml

• After ovulation until the day before the next menstrual cycle: 1.7-27 ng/ml

Although progesterone and estrogen work together, they have distinct roles and functions in the body.

Key Differences Between Progesterone and Estrogen

• Estrogen plays a major role in female reproduction by regulating the reproductive system. It is responsible for developing secondary sexual characteristics, maintaining the menstrual cycle, and influencing other bodily functions. Estrogen is primarily secreted before ovulation.

• Progesterone, on the other hand, is mainly associated with pregnancy. It prepares the uterus for implantation, maintains a healthy uterine lining, and influences menstruation and sexual desire. Progesterone is secreted after ovulation.

Differences in Hormone Production

Another key difference is their production sites:

• Estrogen is produced by Theca Interna Cells in the ovaries.

• Progesterone is produced by Luteal Cells in the ovaries, as well as the adrenal glands and placenta (during pregnancy).

Ways to Naturally Increase Progesterone Levels

Exercise Regularly

Engaging in regular exercise can help boost progesterone levels. Activities such as jogging, aerobics, yoga, and tai chi are beneficial. Aim for at least 3 times a week, 30 minutes per session to improve overall health and reduce stress.

Eat Progesterone-Boosting Foods

Consuming foods that naturally increase progesterone can support hormonal balance and overall well-being. Some beneficial foods include:

• Bananas – Rich in vitamin B6, which helps in progesterone production and hormonal balance.

• Nuts & Legumes – Contain zinc, magnesium, and vitamin B6, which regulate progesterone and reduce estrogen levels.

• Flaxseeds – High in lignans, which help remove excess estrogen and stimulate progesterone production.

• Seafood – Fatty fish like mackerel, salmon, and tuna provide omega-3 & omega-6 fatty acids essential for progesterone synthesis.

• Poultry (Chicken) – Rich in vitamin B6 and L-Arginine, which contribute to fertility, implantation, and progesterone production.

• Whole Wheat – Contains zinc, selenium, calcium, magnesium, beta-carotene, vitamin B6, and folic acid, all of which enhance progesterone production and reduce PMS symptoms.

• Pumpkin Seeds – Packed with vitamin C, arginine, zinc, magnesium, and vitamin E, crucial for progesterone synthesis and hormonal balance.

• Dairy Products – While containing only small amounts of progesterone, studies show that consuming 3 servings of full-fat dairy per day significantly boosts progesterone levels.

Maintain Mental Well-Being

Mental health plays a significant role in hormone balance. Stress can interfere with progesterone production. Here are some ways to reduce stress:

• Stretching & Relaxation Techniques – Help relieve muscle tension and promote relaxation.

• Engage in Enjoyable Activities – Doing things you love can enhance mental well-being.

• Prioritize Sleep & Healthy Lifestyle – A proper sleep schedule, nutritious diet, and regular exercise support hormonal health.

• Meditation & Mindfulness – Reduce stress, anxiety, and cortisol levels, which impact progesterone balance.

Progesterone Medications (Doctor-Prescribed Only)

If natural methods are insufficient, doctors may prescribe progesterone in various forms:

1. Oral Tablets

   • Used with estrogen for menopause treatment: 200 mg before bed for 12-14 days per month.

   • Treats irregular menstruation or abnormal uterine bleeding: 400 mg per day for 10 days.

2. Intramuscular Injections

   • Treats menstrual disorders & abnormal bleeding: 5-10 mg daily for 5-10 days.

   • Supports pregnancy for those with low progesterone: 25-100 mg twice a week from the 15th day of pregnancy up to weeks 8-16.

3. Vaginal Suppositories

   • PMS treatment: 200 mg once daily, increasing to 400 mg twice daily if needed, from day 12-14 of the cycle until menstruation begins.

   • Menstrual irregularities: 45 mg every other day from day 15-25 of the cycle, with a possible increase to 90 mg if needed.

Progesterone is one of the most essential hormones for women. Its mechanisms and functions are interconnected with various bodily processes. Therefore, maintaining both physical and mental health, getting sufficient rest, eating a balanced diet, and managing stress can help keep hormones in balance, ultimately increasing the chances of pregnancy.

If you have any concerns or questions regarding fertility, you can add Line @beyondivf for more information and guidance on preparing for pregnancy.